What Every Body Is Saying About Easy Topics for Essay Writing Is Dead Wrong and Why

What Every Body Is Saying About Easy Topics for Essay Writing Is Dead Wrong and Why You will need to establish what you need to write in your essay. An essay is a fairly short bit of writing on a certain topic. My essay would grow to be a completely different beast. The essay is an amazingly intriguing task that's always different. Bigger works, including plays and novels, may have several motifs. There is barely any student, who wasn't assigned to compose an essay. Writing a superb persuasive essay is not an easy job, however, it's achievable. Examine the essay for plagiarism An exemplary essay is an exceptional essay, therefore a check for plagiarism is a really important stage. Writing about nuclear weapons is always a superb idea. Men and women want to comprehend how to consider the advantages and pitfalls of the choices they make in life every single day. It's possible for you to see which ideas are alike and needs to be grouped together. You need a good deal of thoughts and topics to write about in the event you need to keep the content creature fed. A perspective essay is a chance to voice your ideas and opinions on a particular topic. You will also receive increased insight into how to compose a great test, and what your professor may be on the lookout for in each answer. Ask yourself a collection of questions as you compose the critique. Beyond that are the sorts of questions used. Some requests for written interviews will be quite specific. Isolate key factors of the problem you're addressing to discover the factors for writing and the goal of the major notion of your essay. Look back over your annotated text and choose the portions that you want to have in your essay. Write a list of three or more key ideas you will contain in your thesis and body paragraphs. For each supporting paragraph within the body of your essay, list the most critical points you wish to cover. After you are writing for awhile, it's likely both your outline and draft is going to have to change dramatically. The Birth of Easy Topics for Essay Writing If you're sending precisely the same essay to numerous schools, the cover letter is a chance to tailor the essay to the institution to which you're applying. Plan more than you believe you'll need. My preceding articl e laid out some simple details about the drawn-out essay, a core part of the IB Diploma Programme. An excellent argument is a basic numbers game with a very clear winner. The technical essay is designed to explore a technical or scientific subject, to describe how to carry out a specific technical endeavor, or to argue for a specific process of doing something. Regardless of what topic you ultimately choose, make certain to bring a very clear position on it. You should think about a task to locate a theme not an issue but an opportunity and even a benefit. For instance, you may have been aware of the text before. For example, let's say if you're writing about language history essay than you might have to to incorporate all of the information regarding the history language on earth irrespective of any specific region while in specific language history essay, you would speak about history of the language of a certain region. Thesis statements can take on a lot of distinct for ms, but the main issue is that you have to be in a position to defend it. Also, during the test, make sure to read through your essay when you have time, permitting you to correct obvious typos or errors you could have made. Top Choices of Easy Topics for Essay Writing Whether you're writing a long-term paper or a brief reply, formulating your thoughts onto paper can be hard. While it is clear that essays are an inevitable part of college life, it's the understanding of the small essay writing tips and secrets that makes college professors contented. So whenever you are writing an essay, you're harnessing the complete might of culture to your life. Regardless of what subject you're writing an essay on, it's important in order for it to be well-developed so that you can convey thoughts to the reader in a coherent way. A research paper is normally the very same, regardless of what subject you opt to write about. Essays should be focused on a single topic and present the mater ial in a logical purchase. Argumentative research papers require a bit of structure, unlike the typical essays. You will need to talk about either side of the issues surrounding the discussion essay topic, so make sure that you've got access to good research that supplies pertinent details. General overview would consist of information that's covering the topic for language essay for a whole while specific overview is only going to speak about particular troubles. Some topics request that you write about contemporary difficulties. The multiple topics could be found, for instance, in the dissertation abstracts international database. What will have to be included in your essay will differ based on your level. Give yourself the same quantity of time as you'll have for the actual exameven for an extra-long test. Dependent on the test outcome, students are put in appropriate courses. If building a practice test appears too daunting to you, begin by identifying how many kinds of questions there are.

The Community Health Assessment For Pinellas County (...

The health concern that was identified in the community health assessment for Pinellas County (Pinellas) was the high lung cancer incidence rate. The rate of 69.1 per 100,000 population is higher than the state of Florida and the United States average rate (â€Å"Community Commons IP3,† 2016). Possible factors that can contribute to this concern include tobacco usage, lack of health insurance, lack of physical activity, and poor nutrition. A population diagnosis statement for this health concern is risk for increasing number of deaths from lung cancer among the community in Pinellas related to the increased number of tobacco usage as demonstrated by high self-reporting data percentages. Based on this the primary health issue for Pinellas is the increased prevalence of tobacco usage. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2015), the number one risk factor for lung cancer is cigarette smoking. Using other tobacco products such as cigars or pipes also increases the risk for lung cancer. Tobacco smoke is a toxic mix of more than 7,000 chemicals. Vulnerable populations for increased tobacco usage are those living below poverty, the homeless, those with low education levels, those with low income levels, the uninsured, and those suffering from mental illnesses and substance abuse disorders. Three evidenced-based interventions for the health issue are mobile phone-based cessation interventions, comprehensive tobacco control programs, and smoke freeShow MoreRelatedMental Health Disorders in the Criminal Justice System: Annotated Bibliography 2221 Words   |  9 PagesAustralian Institute of Criminology, 2007, The identification of mental health disorders in the criminal justice system, prepared by Ogloff, J.R.P., Davis, M.R., Rivers, G. and Ross, S., Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra. In this research bulletin commissioned by the Criminology Research Council, Ogloff et al. review the level of screening and the instruments used across jurisdictions to assess mental illness in justice agencies. Ogloff et al. intend to highlight the need and argueRead MorePolk County Health Improvement Plan Essay2217 Words   |  9 PagesPolk County Health Improvement Plan The surrounding and available resources in a community are what influence the health of its residents. Health status will not improve if a community does not have access to resources that will encourage healthy living. In order to increase the health of a community it is important to provide the environment to support a healthy lifestyle, such as having easy access to healthy food and exercise. Obesity is a major population health issue in Polk County along withRead More Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on USA’s Environment and Economy1919 Words   |  8 Pagesa spill of national significance (Deepwater Horizon Accident Investigation Report). Worse still, eleven workers died, 205.8 million gallons of oil gushed into the ocean, destroying marine habitats, poisoning birds and fish and shattering local communities along the Gulf (Greenpeace 2010). After two months Macondo well began gushing crude oil, President Barack Obama addressed to the nation from the Oval Office, he said: â€Å"Already, this oil spill is the worst environmental disaster America has everRead MorePublic Health Information Systems5165 Words   |  21 Pages1 BUILDING A ROADMAP FOR HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS INTEROPERABILITY FOR PUBLIC HEALTH (Public Health Uses of Electronic Health Record Data) WHITE PAPER 2007 2 CONTENTS List of Authors: PHDSC - IHE Task Force Participants †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 What is Public Health?....................................................................................................6 Mission†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Stakeholders†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Implementation of Shariah Governance †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Implementation of Shariah Governance. Answer: Introduction: IT governance framework is one of the most used frameworks that can be utilized for the organization IT infrastructure and support systems (Bowen et al. 2013). It brings many advantages for the corporate strategies and aim. IT governance framework can be defined as the outline or structure of the process regarding the management system and it assures the required advantages of IT in a controlled way so that the sustainable success can be achieved for the enterprise. It is actually about the person who makes the decision and the way of making the decisions. It governance is necessary for many reasons in the organization (Dove 2015). The main need for the IT government is to make sure about the investments in IT for creating the value-reward and to overcome the possible security issues of the organization. IT governance framework can be used to fix the reasons causing the failure of IT systems. Performance matrices are most important in the IT governance framework (Kamps et al. 2014). The IT governance framework should be in such a way so that it can improve the quality of the IT services. Another aim of IT governance is that it can decrease the risks related to the IT industry and also decrease the cost related to deliver the services or projects in time. IT staff numbers and costs can be analyzed in order to maintain the proper flow of the activity. The outsourcing ratio of the organizations should be maintained also in order to make the system structure more efficient to get the suitable output. IT-related operational risk can be measured and can be solved by using the regulations of the IT governance framework. The main advantages of the IT governance framework can be understood with the utility that can be found out in the production of the IT system (Mabon et al. 2015). There are mainly three strengths in the IT governance framework that can be implemented by using the ITIL, COBIT and ISO 27002. The IT service management is benefitted by the introduction of the ITIL or IT infrastructure library which was actually created by the UKs cabinet office as a library of best-practice processes. The COBIT or the Control Objectives for information and related technology is an IT governance control framework which is used in order to meet the challenges by the organizations (Omar et al. 2014). It is also used in order to overcome all the risks which can be dangerous for the security of the organization. ISO 27002 is one of the most popular global standards which are used for the information security and IT system management. There are many sub-domains in the Information technology governance framework. Those are business continuity and disaster recovery, Regulatory compliance, information governance and information security, IT service management, including ITIL and service level management, knowledge management, including intellectual capital, project governance and risk management.It governance framework is important for making the information system more suitable for the organizational structure of the IT companies. It governance framework can be better by following some recommendations. Performance matrices should be advanced by more contributions in it. The main principle should be to provide highest priority to the IT governance and to follow the regulations set by it. IT governance strategies should be made in such a way so that the organizations can make their infrastructure more advanced and suitable for the working environment. There are many advantages for the stakeholders in case of implementing the IT governance framework. The roles and the responsibilities of the stakeholders in the industry become better defined and suitable for the organization (Potluka and Liddle 2014). The advantages of the organizational elements can be more highlighted so that it can be used to utilize the advantages of the organizational structure. There are many level of the framework in the IT governance framework. Those are high-level framework and low-level framework. The high level framework can be use to design the leadership, processes, roles and responsibilities of the IT infrastructure. The main advantage of the organizational structure is that it can accommodate with the changes in the market. The other regulations and features of the framework can be used for increasing the applications and other facilitys availability. External and internal audits can be provided by the independent assurance. There are also many advan tages in case of demonstrating the benefits which can be got from the IT investment. The IT investments should always make then the advantages of the organization (Sudlow et al. 2015). Performance management of the organization can be achieved by the system and then it can be advised by the stakeholders. The relationship of the organization and the stakeholders should be very good in order to make the functioning of the organization in a proper manner. The shareowners, customers, suppliers, employees and regulators are the main factors that can be important in the connection of the organization with the stakeholders. The business of the organization is an independent entity and it should not be affected by the external influence. The stakeholders concern can be a subject to the risks of the organization. In this case the stakeholders should follow the IT governance framework so that it can overcome the risky factors and other security issues which can be harmful for the organization . The concerns about the stakeholders are important for the organizational growth. Stakeholders can affect the company either in good or bad way (Vlietland, van and van 2016). The main advantage of using the IT governance framework is that the organization can make the system more effective in both production and competition in comparison with the other organizations. Stakeholder are always an important part of making the performance of any company and from that point of view the contribution from the stakeholders can be more advantageous if the IT governance framework is followed in a synchronized way. References Bowen, K.J., Ebi, K., Friel, S. and McMichael, A.J., 2013. A multi-layered governance framework for incorporating social science insights into adapting to the health impacts of climate change. Global health action, 6(1), p.21820. Dove, E.S., 2015. Biobanks, data sharing, and the drive for a global privacy governance framework. Kamps, C., De Stefani, R., Leiner-Killinger, N., Rffer, R. and Sondermann, D., 2014. The identification of fiscal and macroeconomic imbalances-unexploited synergies under the strengthened EU governance framework. Mabon, L., Shackley, S., Vercelli, S., Anderlucci, J. and Boot, K., 2015. Deliberative decarbonisation? Assessing the potential of an ethical governance framework for low-carbon energy through the case of carbon dioxide capture and storage. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 33(2), pp.256-271. Omar, M.N., Hassan, R., Arifin, M., Napiah, M., Deen, M., Othman, A.A., Abdullah, M.A. and Yusoff, A., 2014. The implementation of Shariah governance framework of 2010: advantages and constraints. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 8(13), pp.684-687. Potluka, O. and Liddle, J., 2014. Managing European union structural funds: Using a multilevel governance framework to examine the application of the partnership principle at the project level. Regional Studies, 48(8), pp.1434-1447. Sudlow, C., Gallacher, J., Allen, N., Beral, V., Burton, P., Danesh, J., Downey, P., Elliott, P., Green, J., Landray, M. and Liu, B., 2015. UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age. PLoS medicine, 12(3), p.e1001779. Vlietland, J., van Solingen, R. and van Vliet, H., 2016. Aligning codependent Scrum teams to enable fast business value delivery: A governance framework and set of intervention actions. Journal of Systems and Software, 113, pp.418-429.

The Christian Canon, Oral Traditions and the Synoptic Problem

The book â€Å"A Brief Introduction to the New Testament† by Ehrman explains that the Christian canon was a result of many Christian debates on the correct teachings (6). These debates came about because there were many other writings by early Christians.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Christian Canon, Oral Traditions and the Synoptic Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, there was a group of non-canonical writings called the Apostolic Fathers, which was as authoritative as the canon itself. I see the debates about the Christian canon as a confirmation that early Christians held different views. Therefore, books of the New Testament express diverse views as these early Christians wrote them. The views that early Christians expressed in the canon related to their encounters during those times. That is why Ehrman, in his book, uses a historical approach to explain the New Testament as w ell as other early Christian works. As such, the New Testament is not just a book for Christians. Rather, it is a cultural relic and an anthology of early writings that has played a significant role in Western civilization. Therefore, I advice present-day Christians not to follow the New Testament blindly. Rather, they should interpret the contents of the New Testament in reference to historical contexts, or the circumstances that existed during the writing of the book. As Ehrman explains, the context of the New Testament was the Greco-Roman world (17). Religious beliefs and practices of the Greco-Romans did not fully agree with contemporary ideas of Christianity.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, most Greco-Roman religions lacked structured groups that managed worship and creedal declarations that affirmed the belief of followers. Unlike modern Christianity, most Greco-Roman religions emphasized on animal sacrifices and other actions that delighted the gods. The Greco-Roman religions did not emphasize on morality or life after death. The religions only focused on daily survival and protection of the empire, as there was no clear division between the church and the state. One example of the Greco-Roman religion was Judaism, which was the religion pursued by Joseph and other Jews. The Jews recognized presence of divine people who had a special relationship with God and could do miracles. Therefore, account s of Jesus healing the sick and calming the storm were logical to the Jews. Judaism also recognized that there existed some great men and semi gods, who connected men and gods. Therefore, the Jews, who followed Judaism, did not find it hard to understand the birth of Jesus, who would unite them with god. I think that explaining the birth of Jesus and that He is the son of God to some non-believers in the present world is quite hard consider ing that the idea of semi gods is nonexistence in the society today. Thus, as we interpret the New Testament, we should always refer to its context. I also think that even as we interpret the New Testament in its context, we should also remember the basic aim of early writings that later formed the New Testament was to spread the message that Jesus was the son of God and his death brought salvation to the earth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Christian Canon, Oral Traditions and the Synoptic Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As Ehrman explains, those who authored the New Testament did not have personal encounters with Jesus (45). Rather, they used oral traditions from earlier generations to create stories about Jesus. Obviously, some stories faced distortion, while others were original. Although some stories were personal creations, Ehrman informs as that all early Christian stories sought to convinc e new converts that Jesus was truly the son of God, and that the source of salvation (63). This means that Christians have a right to interpret the bible in whichever way they wish, as long as their interpretations support that Jesus is truly the son of God, and the only source of salvation. Ehrman explains the synoptic problem as the problems that arise because the first three books of the New Testament (Mathew, Luke and Mark) share some stories while others differ (59). He argues that some stories in these three books agree word by word and therefore, there is a possibility that these books originated from the same source. He also suggests that it is essential to explain for the differences in the documents and attempts to do so using the â€Å"Four Source Hypothesis† (Ehrman 60). According to this hypothesis, the three Gospels came from four different sources including â€Å"Mark, Q, M and L† (Ehrman 60). Mark was the earliest book and Mathew and Luke borrowed Chris tian material from Mark. Luke and Mathew also used Q as a common source of literature. Therefore, according to the hypothesis, Mark and Q explain the similarity found in the Gospels.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, M and L explain the differences found in the two Gospels. Luke used his own material labeled â€Å"L† to develop his literature, while Mathew used his personal material labeled â€Å"M†. Despite all these explanations, there is no one of them that fully accounts for the similarities and differences in the Gospels, from my perspective. However, I do not imply that these explanations are of no significance. The hypothesis shows that both oral and written traditions played a central role in formulating the Gospels. We must acknowledge this fact before evaluating other aspects of the hypothesis. Mark and Luke might have used both oral and written traditions to develop their pieces. However, I feel that the hypothesis left out that these authors had different levels of creativity and this contributed to formulation of different scriptures. The way an author organizes material, stresses certain aspects, explain issues using sayings and add interpretive com ments may affect the entire meaning of a written piece. The synoptic problem enables us to perceive the three authors of the New Testament as independent theologians who did not experience traditional influence, but who took time to interpret and organize material that became the New Testament. These authors took time to think about what they heard and they made comments about the same. Thus, they were not passive authors, but active authors who tried to align Gospel tradition with particular contexts and audience. The synoptic problem makes us to perceive the Gospels as living traditions and proofs of God’s work in the world that He gave unto us through God’s inspirations. Differences in the Gospels resemble the present-day Church. Although churches bear witness to the same God, different churches have different practices because of life’s diversity. For instance, churches differ in the way they practice baptism. While some churches baptize children, others rec ommend baptism for adults only. The three Gospels represent unity in diversity and encourage us to consider the New Testament in its own diversity, as well as from our own culture and diversity. Works Cited Ehrman, Bart D. A Brief Introduction to the New Testament, New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print. This essay on The Christian Canon, Oral Traditions and the Synoptic Problem was written and submitted by user Omari Diaz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Facing failure how to overcome and find success again

Facing failure how to overcome and find success again Failing at something triggers a ton of different emotions: the shame spiral, mountains of self-doubt, and fear-induced projections far into the future. The nagging perfectionist within can often take a small failure and blow it up exponentially. But while most of these perceptions are exaggerated in the moment, a setback can, in fact, have lasting effects on your future behavior. Whether these effects are positive or negative is up to you. Yes, the fear of failure can hold you back from future endeavors, like making a career move or taking risks in your job. But most successful people can take failure and turn it into opportunity. Mistakes are one of the primary ways that people learn. Dare I say, mistakes are good- and failure can be a powerful motivator that spurs on future success and keeps you moving forward, rather than holding you back.Dissecting failureYou don’t want to internalize failure, let it define you, or wallow in any single setback too long. Still, oftentimes w hen you face failure you have to be able to take a step back and really dissect the factors that contributed to the event. We tend to assign fault to ourselves pretty easily, but this is really a time where you want to let logic take over.Make a list of what factors were beyond your control. At work, there can be industry factors that lead to a bad string of luck, new competition, or a market downturn. But if a setback resulted from things that were in your control, what would you do differently?Once you assess the factors that led to the failure, you’re ready to make a plan for next time. How can you better anticipate factors outside your control? (Sometimes you can’t.) What new approach would you take if you could redo everything? By planning to take practical measures over an extended period of time, you can set yourself up for future success in similar situations.Defining failureSometimes, especially when factors are out of your control, you can’t prepare fo r a similar situation in the future. The only way to make it better is to build your resilience in overcoming a setback. How you respond to it and define it are equally important. A â€Å"failure† is often felt differently depending on your perspective. Walk through how you might perceive what happened if you heard the story from a friend or colleague. How would you reassure someone else that this setback wasn’t the end of the world?Another way to approach the problem is to alter your perception of your mistakes. Were you expecting too much of yourself? Let’s say, for example, the setback was not landing a new job that you really wanted. Because there are many factors that lead to a hiring manager choosing Candidate X over Candidate Y, your success or failure in landing a job may not be determined by any of your actions. You should redefine this situation in a positive light. If you made it to the interview stage of the process, you were a strong candidate. That should count as a success. The ability to redefine the situation is an integral part of the process of building your resilience.Defining goalsAnother important response to any setback is to look to the future. If you’re not where you want to be right now, picture your dream job or what success looks like in your current job. Then, consider one small practical goal that can get you moving in that direction. The setback can be motivation to set your sights on your next goal- and your next goal should not be, â€Å"I want to avoid x.† You want to take a positive track and work toward something (rather than running away from something). This is an important distinction, as the goal you have in mind should not be defined by past failures (or a continual reminder thereof).Defining fearsLastly, the main thing to avoid after facing failure is to let the fear of future failure govern your behavior. Make a list of your fears. Sometimes fears can also be closely aligned with you r goals. Sometimes, overcoming fear and running towards what scares you most can actually be your next goal, and can help you get on a path toward success.The point of failure and the fear that surrounds it is actually to fuel the fire that moves you forward. Allow failure to motivate you to take actions that will ensure your future success.

A Quick Tour of Jupiters Moons

A Quick Tour of Jupiters Moons Meet the Moons of Jupiter The planet Jupiter  is the largest world in the solar system. It has at least 67 known moons and a thin dusty ring. Its four largest moons are called the Galileans, after astronomer ​Galileo Galilei, who discovered them in 1610. The individual moon names are Callisto, Europa, ​Ganymede, and Io, and come from Greek mythology. Although astronomers studied them extensively from the ground, it wasnt until the first spacecraft explorations of the Jupiter system that we knew how strange these little worlds are. The first spacecraft to image them were the Voyager probes in 1979. Since then, these four worlds  have been explored by the Galileo, Cassini and New Horizons missions, which provided extremely good views of these little moons. The Hubble Space Telescope has also studied and imaged Jupiter and the Galileans many times. The Juno mission to Jupiter, which arrived in summer 2016, will provide more images of these tiny worlds as it orbits around the giant planet taking images and data.   Explore the Galileans Io is the closest moon to Jupiter and, at 2,263 miles across, is the second smallest of the Galilean satellites. It is often called the â€Å"Pizza Moon† because its colorful surface looks like a pizza pie. Planetary scientists found out it was a volcanic world in 1979  when the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft flew by and captured the first up-close images. Io has more than 400 volcanoes that spew out sulfur and sulfur dioxide across the surface, to  give it that colorful look. Because these volcanoes are constantly repaving Io, planetary scientists say that its surface is  geologically young.   Europa is the smallest of the Galilean moons. It measures only 1,972 miles across  and is made mostly of rock. Europa’s surface is a thick layer of ice, and underneath it,  there may be a salty ocean of water about  60 miles deep. Occasionally Europa  sends plumes of water out  into fountains that tower more than 100 miles above the surface. Those plumes have been seen in data sent back by Hubble Space Telescope.  Europa is often mentioned as a place that could be habitable for some forms of life. It has an energy source, as well as organic material that could aid in the formation of life, plus plenty of water. Whether it is or not remains an open question. Astronomers have long talked about sending missions to Europa to search for evidence of life. Ganymede is the largest moon in the solar system, measuring 3,273 miles across. It’s made mostly of rock and has a layer of salt water more than 120 miles below the cratered and crusty surface. Ganymede’s landscape is divided between two types of landforms: very old cratered regions which are dark-colored, and younger areas containing grooves and ridges. Planetary scientists found a very thin atmosphere on Ganymede, and it’s the only moon known so far that has its own magnetic field. Callisto is the third-largest moon in the solar system and, at 2,995 miles in diameter, is nearly the same size as the planet Mercury (which is just over 3,031 miles across). It’s the most distant of the four Galilean moons. Callisto’s surface tells us that it was bombarded throughout its history. Its 60-mile thick surface is covered with craters. That suggests the icy crust is very old and hasn’t been resurfaced through ice volcanism. There may be a subsurface water ocean on Callisto, but conditions for life to arise there are less favorable than for neighboring Europa.   Finding Jupiters Moons From Your Back Yard Whenever Jupiter is visible in the nighttime sky, try to find the Galilean moons. Jupiter itself is quite bright, and its moons will look like tiny dots on either side of it. Under good dark skies, they can be seen through a pair of binoculars.  A good backyard-type telescope  will give a better view, and for the avid stargazer, a larger telescope will show the moons AND features in Jupiter’s colorful clouds.

Juvenile Street Gang and the Juvenile Justice System Essay

Juvenile Street Gang and the Juvenile Justice System - Essay Example According to C. Ronald Huff â€Å"While results vary from one region to another, the overall picture that emerges is that gangs engage in a wide array of criminal behaviors, including those involving weapons and violence† (Huff, 1998, p 2). Current approaches within the juvenile justice system at a national level vary widely as local jurisdictions will address juveniles according to the state laws or local regulations and these tend to vary widely. Generally speaking the use of community corrections is not often applied and juvenile gang members without familial support tend to end up incarcerated in corrections centers and in some cases can be sentenced as an adult utilizing the various approaches to blended sentencing that exists in the United States. However in some areas intervention is being attempted and community corrections as well which can benefit the individuals, however, in his report Huff says, â€Å"Because prevention programs will not deter all youths from joining gangs, it is also important to address the brief window of opportunity for intervention that occurs in the year between the â€Å"wannabe† stage and the age at first arrest† (Huff, 1998, p 7). This shows the importance of connecti ng with the juveniles before they get truly involved in the gang lifestyle. It would be beneficial with juveniles to begin addressing the problem in the schools and homes so that the individuals becoming gang members realize that there are alternatives to what is being offered by neighborhood gangs. By educating the juveniles and showing them the various options available there is a greater chance of preventing future issues within each community and with juveniles who may be at risk due to home based, or location based stimuli. At this point it would be important to involve the community in the corrective measures because in many ways it is the community that is allowing this to occur through either a lack of attention to juveniles growing up or

International Terror Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Terror - Essay Example Hindu; Chinese (Sinic); Orthodox; African; Japanese The Western: currently, the west dominates each aspect of international activity from politics to economy since it’s been very active in establishing the international organizations like IMF, UN and WTO among others. For example, the west has 3 seats out of 5 Security Council of the United Nations. It also promotes IMF economic policies and enforces them on other states. Other emerging powers like China will not accept to be regarded as inferior or be imposed upon some institutions. Possible outcomes are; that nations will seclude themselves from western polices like N.Korea is doing; â€Å"band-wagon† implying that nations will join nations that are on the rise in terms of values and institutions for example Turkey is joining the EU; and lastly countries will seek to counter- balance in terms of military and economy against the west i.e. Modernizing and not Westernizing. Islam: the Islam is increasing very dramatically and adopting the non western civilization and reiterating the quality of their own society. This does not means that Islamic nations won’t modernize, but will do so in ways unreceptive to the western. This is because they control important oil sources and are growing very fast demographically. Latin America: this includes the nations of South America. The conflict from this will basically from the religious point of view especially the Catholics and orthodox. However in other policies, the Latino Americans support the U.S policies which are aimed at strengthening international democracy, trade and investments. Brazil is considered a success in democracy. Hindu: religion is what the Hindus and Arabs have in common that distinguishes them from the Africans and the west. This is a culture of religion that originates from India. India is described as a torn Nation by Huntington and its alignment could fall in the â€Å"west vs.

Personal Definition and Understanding of Mythology and its Influences Essay Example for Free

Personal Definition and Understanding of Mythology and its Influences Essay Heaven, hell, angels, devils, gods, goddesses, monsters, and immortal heroes— as I was growing up as a child, these were the things which have been said to me about places, supreme beings, and creatures the existence of which I was not able to prove up to this moment. Over the years of growing up, I have come across lots of stories which both seemed believable but unverifiable to me. Thus, I can only conclude that these things, stories, and people are what are known today as myths. These things should be told to me to make me believe that supreme powers exist. Supreme powers, aside from the ultimate God whom my religion has taught me, govern and guide people to do good acts and avoid evil. Eventually, these things roused my curiosity. As I try to discover these unverifiable creatures, places, and supreme beings, I was able to understand myth and mythology. Mythology, in the literal sense, pertains to a collection of revered stories about a person, a group of persons, a culture, or humankind as a whole (Emery, 2008). Thus, through this definition, my own conception of myth and mythology matches as I see these stories as tales and epics that are made to provide people sacred role models to urge them to do such good acts based on the actions and experiences of these mythological beings. In this sense, mythological places and powers were told to influence the belief and ideology of individuals that humankind can be punished and rewarded according to their acts of either righteousness or evil. Also, mythological stories are also studied to somehow give a specific group of people an idea and grasp of their identity, the origin of their world, the rites and rituals in their culture, the basic point of view about life, and the concepts of death and after death (Kohler, 2008). When myths and mythologies are mentioned, the society that first enters my mind is that of the Greeks. Greek mythology has been the everlasting source of mythical gods and goddesses, epic wars of mortal and immortal heroes, stories of salvation, immortalization, condemnation to the underworld, and even the sacred stories of love and romance. These stories have been exposed to most of us in our primary and secondary educations, but these stories have existed and have remained immortal as its characters. These stories have existed since the immemorial history of the Greek race and society. I also find Greek mythology as one of the greatest mythologies that tells the story of humankind, as it reflects real-life acts, consequences, and tendencies. The aspect of gods talking and communicating to people may seem unrealistic, but if this aspect would be deeply examined, it could be inferred that Greek mythology gives people that idea in illusive form that communicating with God is never a hard or impossible task. Its characters also go through what usual people experience. As a result, even modern people can easily relate to and reflect on its stories. Personally, I believe that mythology, Greek mythology specifically, has had significant impacts in my beliefs and how I view life. I may be practicing one specific religion, but the stories I was able to learn in Greek mythology have affected me in such a way that I believed that all the good things people do in their lifetime have an equivalent reward (or penalty). The mythology’s concept of a grand place for people who have been fair and righteous in their lives have been guiding my beliefs all these years—that there might indeed be a special place for people who chose to do good and fair acts in their lives. These stories and tales from the mythologies of not just the Greeks but all the other ancient and even current societies may not all seem verifiable or credible for us contemporary individuals to believe. However, there appears neither harm nor threat in allowing these myths, mythological characters, and mythological epics to guide us in how we view life and what it offers us. As how I understand mythology, it is but a collection of lifetime stories that are bound to show people how to deal with life in the most positive way possible.

Robertson Davies Fifth Business Essay -- Robertson Davies Fifth Busin

Robertson Davies' Fifth Business In the novel 'Fifth Business', the author Robertson Davies is successfully able to relate both the themes of magic and religion throughout. He achieves this relationship between the themes primarily through the characters and their actions. Dunstan Ramsay, Paul Dempster, Mary Dempster and Liselotte Vitzliputzli all help to illustrate the close relationship between magic and religion. One of the characters that Davies uses to relate the theme of magic and religion is Dunstable Ramsay. Dunny was brought up in a Scottish Presbyterian family in Deptford, Ontario. While in the war, he kept himself busy by reading the New Testament and states 'Arabian Nights and the Bible were getting pretty close', referring to both magic and religion. After servicing in the war, Dunstable is renamed Dunstan by Diana after Saint Dunstan. Dunstan's study of saints becomes his passion and he later travels around the world in search of information about several living saints. During his search for saints, Dunstan coincidentally comes across Le grande Cirque forain de St. Vile and Illusions, a circus where Paul Dempster preformed magic. This clearly indicates how Dunstan is related to both magic and religion. Paul Dempster, another character in the novel illustrates the relationship between magic and religion. Paul is the son of Mary Dempster who Dunstan considered to be a saint. His father, Amasa Dempster is the Baptist parson of Deptford and is considered ...

A Study of Human Flesh Search and Its Social and Ethical Issues

Abstract: Human Flesh Search (HFS) is one of the biggest Chinese internet phenomena. It has attracted great interest from IT specialists, legalists, sociologists and criminologists. This essay analyses how HFS works based on a typical case of the â€Å"Kitten Killer† and then the advantages and disadvantages of HFS were canvassed. In addition, the social and ethical issues surrounding HFS will be investigated. Finally, a solution will be presented, concentrating specifically on the importance of keeping a balance between information and power. With the rising number of Chinese netizens and the development of internet forums, blogs and BBS (Bulletin Board System) technology, freedom of information is becoming more and more common. As a result, a revolution in online search -Human Flesh Search has appeared and grown rapidly in recent years. It is defined as a Chinese internet phenomenon that uses massive computer mediated participation to purify the information from search engines and internet media. What is revolutionary is the way that humans, instead of machines, actually deal with the search questions and therefore there is increasing accuracy in the search results. That’s why it is considered as a â€Å"human flesh search†, humans do the searching. Here is s an example that can help people understand more deeply how HFS works. Early in the year of 2006, a horrible video of a smiling woman killing a kitten by stomping on it with the sharp point of her high heel, was uploaded and spread through the internet. Most people were angry at this inhuman behavior, so they turned to the human flesh search engine to find out who she was in reality. They hoped justice could be done and their purpose was to punish her by exposing and shaming her in front of her neighbours, families, friends and colleagues. In the Mop forum (http://dzh. mop. com/), a user even wrote â€Å"Find her and kick her to death like she did to the kitten! † With a post asking â€Å"Is there a front-facing photo so we can see her more clearly? †, the human flesh search had begun. Netizens traced the e-mail address associated with the site to a server in Hangzhou city. A follow-up post asked about where the video was taken: â€Å"Are users from Hangzhou familiar with this place? † Locals reported that there was nowhere in Hangzhou that looked like the backdrop in the video. Furthermore, the story was reported on television and in newspapers as the extension of the event, and people all around China saw the kitten killer’s photo. â€Å"I know this woman,† wrote the user â€Å"I’m Not Desert Angel â€Å"four days after the search began. She continued with â€Å"She’s not in Hangzhou. She lives in a small town in northeastern China. God, she’s a nurse! That’s all I can say. † Only six days after the first Mop post about the video, the kitten killer was found in Luobei city, and her name Wang Jiao was made public, as well as her phone number and her employer. The perpetrator Wang Jiao and the cameraman who filmed her were fired from what the Chinese call iron rice bowls; government jobs that have a good salary and a work guarantee. From this kitten killer case, it is obvious that the HFS is highly efficient. It does display an awe-inspiring power. Wang Jiao’s life had been ruined in just 6 days. She lost her good job, and it would be almost impossible for her to get a new one. Most importantly, she would be thought of as a cruel, mad person by others and would be hated or treated unfairly in society. She has paid for her mistake. But it is questionable about whether she deserved such severe punishment. This is only one of the cases. There are a number of positive and negative cases which have happened over the last few years. In recent years, the Human Flesh Search has become an international web phenomenon. From 2001 to May 2010, there were a total number of 405 episodes which had occurred in the world, with 392 taking place in China, 6 in the USA, 2 in Japan, 2 in Korea, 2 in the UK, 1 in France and 1 in Lithuania. (Fei-Yue, et al. , 2010) Figure 1 plots the number of HFS episodes quarterly over this time. (Fei-Yue, et al. , 2010)As we can see from the bar chart, HFS has become more popular in the past 2 years and it is still very popular now. Why is it able to retain its popularity? There must be some advantages to it. The human flesh search has five advantages. Firstly, due to its â€Å"human flesh† feature, the human being can accurately understand the user’s search question, and manually collect and sort out information. Therefore, it is more accurate than an automated search machine. Secondly, it gathers the power of crowds to make it easier and quicker to share information, thereby increasing working efficiency. For example, it does a great job in helping people looking for missing relatives after a disaster. Thirdly, it provides a free-speaking space which helps with making better decisions and solving social problems. Fourthly, the politicians in power are supervised by public opinion which can reduce bribery and corruption. Fifthly, HFS uncovers the scandals, digs out the truth, condemns the â€Å"grievances† and therefore plays a significantly deterrent role on violation ethics. These five advantages are the reasons why HFS has not been eliminated by the Chinese government and its popularity increases. However, it also has some undeniable risks. The HFS has some disadvantages that cannot be ignored. Firstly, it can easily exceed the moral bottom line as it is virtual and uncontrollable. Some people might even lie to gain benefit from it. Secondly, it can cause a conflict of interest among different groups. Thirdly, it can infringe human rights and privacy that lead to harassment. Most importantly, some people’s lives may be seriously and negatively affected by the exposure of their private life and cyber violence. The biggest issue in human flesh search is the invasion of privacy. Privacy is defined as a citizen’s basic right and should be protected despite the fact that a person did something wrong or not. It is obvious that HFS is against the privacy law but people still use it as a way to punish immorality. It leaves a question about how to avoid this special form of online vigilante justice becoming a trigger of privacy infringement. Another issue we need to worry about is deception in the HFS. It is really hard to distinguish whether the purpose of a posted request is malicious or not. If the requestor has a hidden purpose, it would be so unfair for the person who is harassed by the wrong criticism and condemnation. Studying the advantages and disadvantages of human flesh search and the issues caused by it, shows that it is important to keep a balance between information and power. To achieve this, it has something to do with legislation and boundary. China has the highest number of HFS episodes in the world. The main cause of this situation is the lack of legislation leading to the lack of privacy awareness of the Chinese netizens. Although there are some laws in China to protect privacy, the legislation to protect privacy for networks is really weak. This issue is only related to in some relevant laws, such as the â€Å"Computer Information Network and the Internet Interim Provisions on the implementation of the anagement approach†. Article 18 provides: â€Å"Shall not distribute malicious information on the network, send a message in the fraudulent use of others name, violating the privacy of others†. â€Å"Computer Information Network and the Internet Security Protection and Management Measures† Article 9 states: â€Å"The user’s freedom and privacy of correspondence are protected by law, any unit or individual shall not be violation of the law and violations of freedom and privacy of correspondence of users using the Internet†. The People’s Republic of China Telecommunications Regulations† Article 58 provides that any organization or individual shall not: â€Å"Engage in activities of stealing or damaging others information, and damaging the legitimate rights and interests of others in the use of Telecommunications network†. (Guang&Zechao, 2010)These provisions provided a certain legal basis for the network to protect privacy, but they are too simple and general in terms of the accountability of severe consequences caused by human flesh search. The punishments provide no deterrent for people who are tempted to maliciously damage others through HFS. Also, the juridical operation is hard to implement. For every HFS episode, a large number of netizens are involved and therefore it is difficult to identify and charge the culprit. In order to avoid the tragedy that may be caused by HFS, it is important for the Chinese to take some action, even though this will be complicated due to the special features of HFS and the current imperfect Chinese legislative situation. Below are some countermeasures and suggestions for the improvement of the situation that may have arisen through Human Flesh Search use. They are mostly about reaching the balance between information and power. Firstly, some protection can be acquired through legislation. The government should enact a clear and independent law to prohibit unauthorized netizens from stealing and illegally publishing another’s personal information. Besides, there should be a specific law for online behavior to control the netizens from deliberate harassment. Secondly, by using the technology, the network organizations should enhance their supervision and controllability of the forum and information audit. They should keep a close watch on the online activities so that if something impropriate happens, they would be able to block or stop that immediately. Another important measure is to deal with this issue through internet regulation. The government should introduce a real-name registration system for bloggers and internet forum users. Finally, every netizen should enhance self-protection awareness and preventive measures. Also, they need to have the ability to distinguish between truth and deception. There must be a balance between trust and skepticism. The Chinese Government can help this by promoting internet safety and setting up some specific consultants. The rising Human Flesh search phenomenon has become a big challenge for both Chinese citizens and government. It has exerted a huge influence to not only network, but also the society. The statistic and situation that have been analysed also show that it is impossible to ban the HFS. However, it is of the highest importance to make every one realise the possible damages and consequences that HFS could cause so that all can be made aware of it. After a discussion of the advantages, disadvantages , social and ethical issues involved with HFS, it can be observed that a balance between information and power must be achieved. Some countermeasures and suggestions have been provided to ameliorate the negative features of HFS. It is time for people to take action to reduce future possible harm to the lowest degree and to fully take advantage of it.

What Are The Fuels For The Future Environmental Sciences Essay

All of the fossil fuels in being today were created 1000000s of twelvemonth ago when aquatic workss and animate beings were burried and compressed by beds of deposit at the bottem of swamps and seas. Over clip this organic affair was converted by bacterial decay and force per unit area to crude oil ( oil ) , gas, and coal, which are heavly dependant on in todays socity, nevertheless these nonrenwable engery beginnings are consuming. Figure n gives the per centum of the entire energy consumed in the Earth from verious beginnings. Together, fossil fuels account for about 90 % of the sum. Part 1 Non renewable fuels used in vehicles: Propane LPG or liquefied propane gas is a three C methane series, normally in a gas signifier but can be compressed into a movable liquid. This fuel is formed as a reverberation from other crude oil merchandises throughout the natural gas or oil processing and is drawn from the fossil fuels. Most motors, barbeques, centered warming and oxy-gas torches use this fuel ( Serra 2006 ) .Propane and butane are the chief hydrocarbons in LPG When LPG is wholly combusted it has a inclination to act like other methane seriess. Complete burning will merely happen if the ratio of air to fuel contains precisely plenty air to wholly fire all of the fuel, the ratio is known as the stoichiometric mixture. When propane and butane are wholly burned it will bring forth H2O and C dioxide. Propane C3H8 + 5 O2 > 3 CO2 + 4 H2O + heat Propane + O > C dioxide + H2O Butane C4H10 + 6.5 O2  ® 4 CO2 + 5 H2O Butane + Oxygen > C dioxide + H2O However when an improper stoichiometric mixture is present, uncomplete burning occurs. This can bring forth C monoxide, a deathly merchandise. Propane 2 C3H8 + 7 O2 > 2 CO2 + 2 CO + 2 C + 8 H2O + heat Propane + Oxygen > Carbon Dioxide + Carbon Monoxide + Carbon + Water butane: C4H10 + 5O2 > 2CO2 + CO + C+5H2O+ heat Butane + O > Carbon Dioxide + Carbon Monoxide + Carbon + Water Name Molecular Formula Molecular Mass Melting Point ( oC ) Boiling Point ( oC ) State ( 25oC, 101.3kPa ) Density ( liquid g cm-3, 20oC ) Flashpoint ( oC ) Enthalpy of Combustion ( kJ mol-1 ) Uses propane C3H8 44 -188 -42.1 gas-2217 constituent of liquefied crude oil gas ( LPG ) , bottled gas ( fuel ) butane C4H10 58 -138 -0.5 gas-2874 constituent of liquefied crude oil gas ( LPG ) , coffin nail igniters ( fuel ).talk about graphs Fuel HHV MJ/kg HHV BTU/lb HHV kJ/mol LHV MJ/kg Propane 50.35 21,700 2,220 46.35 Butane 49.50 20,900 2,877 45.75 Gasoline Petrol is a mixture of a big figure of volatile distinguishable hydrocarbons, derived from crude oil and utilised in internal burning engines, dissolvers for oils and fats. ?†¢ & A ; deg ; ch p? µtrl? µum V & A ; deg ; ri? µty h & amp ; deg ; s & A ; deg ; uniqu? µ mix f ml? µcul? µs, which d? µfin? µ its physic & A ; deg ; l & A ; deg ; nd ch? µmic & amp ; deg ; l prp? µrti? µs, lik? µ clr & A ; deg ; nd viscsity ( K? µmp 2006 ) . Pentane hexane and octane are the chief hydrocarbons in gasoline. When gasoline is wholly combusted it has a inclination to act like other methane seriess. Complete burning will merely happen if the ratio of air to fuel contains precisely plenty air to wholly fire all of the fuel, the ratio is known as the stoichiometric mixture. Pentane, hexane and octane are wholly burned it will bring forth H2O and C dioxide. Hexane 2C6H14 + 19O2 — – & A ; gt ; 14H2O + 12CO2 Pentane C5H12 ( g ) +16 02 ( g ) — – & A ; gt ; 5 CO2 ( g ) + 6 H20 ( g ) Octane 2 C8H18 ( cubic decimeter ) + 25 O2 ( g ) > 16 CO2 ( g ) + 18 H2O ( g ) However when an improper stoichiometric mixture is present, uncomplete burning occurs. This can bring forth C monoxide, a deathly merchandise. Hexane C6H14 + 5O2 – & A ; gt ; CO2 + CO + 4C + 7H2O Pentane Octane 2C8H18 ( g ) + 17O2 ( g ) > 16CO ( g ) + 18H2O Name Molecular Formula Molecular Mass Melting Point ( oC ) Boiling Point ( oC ) State ( 25oC, 101.3kPa ) Density ( liquid g cm-3, 20oC ) Flashpoint ( oC ) Enthalpy of Combustion ( kJ mol-1 ) Uses pentane C5H12 72 -130 36.1 liquid 0.626 -49 -3536 constituent of gasoline ( fuel ) hexane C6H14 86 -95.3 68.7 liquid 0.659 -22 -4190 constituent of gasoline ( fuel ) octane C8H18 114 -56.8 126 liquid-5506 major constituent of gasoline ( fuel ) CoalCH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2OFossil Fuel Emission Levels – Pounds per Billion Btu of Energy Input Pollutant Natural Gas Oil Coal Carbon Dioxide 117,000 164,000 208,000 Carbon Monoxide 40 33 208 Nitrogen Oxides 92 448 457 Sulfur Dioxide 1 1,122 2,591 Particulates 7 84 2,744 Mercury 0.000 0.007 0.016 Beginning: EIA – Natural Gas Issues and Trends 1998 Part 2 In today ‘s society there is a turning concern sing the correlativity between fossil fuels and the annihilating pollution produced in the environment. Fossil fuels are a unrenewable energy beginning, aside from the ecological impacts, the disbursal in excavation and polishing them is get downing to demand notice. One of the largest factors escalading the release of nursery gases is the burning of these fossil fuels. When a fuel that is made up of H and C Burnss wholly, O in the air combines with the H to organize H2O, and combines with the C to organize C dioxide. However when the burning of the hydrocarbon fuel is non complete, some C atoms will merely unite with on O atom instead than two. This forms a extremely toxicant gas called C monoxide. A figure of C atoms will go on to remain conjoined together and besides fall in the H atoms ; this allows the unburned hydrocarbon molecules which are smaller than the original fuel to get away from the vehicles exhaust. Fuel hydrocarbons that have undergone vaporization before come ining the engine accompany the unburned hydrocarbons, finally they react with the N oxide that was produced from earlier burning. This reaction has taken topographic point in the presence of sunshine which forms ozone. Although the ozone bed in the stratosphere Acts of the Apostless as a shield against the suns UV visible radiation, at land degree it is the chief factor behind photochemical smog which is a lung thorn. Carbon atoms can go on to remain joined to one another or no H atoms attached, practically in the procedure of uncomplete burning of Diesel fuel, bring forthing carbon black. Air pollution is going a critical issue, smog and carbon black from the unsafe gasses and particulates are non merely increasing human unwellness. Smog and carbon black besides affect the sustainability of harvests, this is done by the pollution being absorbed into the protective bed of the foliages destructing the indispensable cell membranes. This forces the workss to concentrate on internal fix and non to maturate. Energy companies that are firing fossil fuels are one of the largest manufacturers of atmospheric pollution today. The procedure involved in change overing fossil fuels into energy consequences in legion destructive results such as, air pollution, H2O pollution, accretion of solid waste, land debasement and human unwellnesss. Power workss produce electricity by firing coal. Combustion of coal similar to all fossil fuels produce C dioxide, nitrogen oxide and S dioxide. The S dioxide reacts with the O to bring forth sulfur trioxide, this so reacts with H2O bring forthing sulphuric acid. The sulphuric acid enters the Earth in the signifier of acerb rain. When the dodo fuels are converted into energy it consequences in the accretion of solid waste. This extra waste has a black impact on the environment. Not merely does this waste demand to be treated but it besides needs sufficient land infinite, every bit good as fiscal support to supervise and dispose of it. This quickly increased the opportunity of toxic overflow which can be deadly ; it could poison land H2O beginnings, affect environing flora, marine life and wildlife. 0rganic sulfur is a important issue in the power industries today ; it is chemically bound to all fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal and crude oil. When these fuels are combusted the organic sulfur is released into the air where it reacts with the O to organize sulfur dioxide. Unfortunately this is kept in the ambiance for 100s of old ages. Although it is an unseeable gas, it has inauspicious affects one the quality of the air we breathe. It is besides believed to lend to acid rain, environmental pollution to marine life and woods. Carbon dioxide plays a important function in the addition of planetary heating. The impact affects many countries of the environment. In Antarctica the clime alteration has increased the temperature which could ensue in more rapid ice thaw, this Domino consequence will increase sea degrees and compromises the composing of environing Waterss. The lifting H2O degrees entirely obstruct the class runing from colony, agribusiness and fishing both commercially and recreationally. Fossil fuels need to be delivered to power workss and all sorts of industries daily, this increases the opportunity of oil spills, which would destruct Marine and flora life. Oil rigs and grapevines could leak which besides wipe out wildlife. Coal elimination is believed to be one of the important factors of H2O pollution today. The universe today as we know it has become highly energy greedy, the demands for electricity and fuels are dramatically increasing with the turning population. Equally long as these harmful dodo fuels are still utilized the effects of pollution to our environment will merely acquire worse. An alternate demands to be sought that can run into the required supply which will halt the awful impacts future coevalss will confront. Part B There is more H in gasolene than there is in unstable H. Configuration of H atoms in gasolene is much more infinite maintaining than in stainless liquified H, therefore larger storage containers is needed to shop it. Electrolysis is non by and large the best manner to germinate H. Most of the today ‘s H reaches from natural gasoline as one of the byproducts of crude oil processing. Harmonizing to connected States alternate Fuels Data Center now, H is made using the following two methods. Electrolysis: utilises electric goaded power to divide up H2O compounds into H and O. Using reduced DC electromotive force will conclusion in passing out H on one electrode and O on the other. The electric power can get from electric power output determiners embracing renewable fuels. Connected States Department Of power ( DOE ) has resolved that electrolysis is improbable to go the prevailing method for big sums of H output in the hereafter. The best electrolysis is merely 62 per century efficient. Synthetic gas ( methane ) reformation: Prevailing method of Hydrogen bring forthing is stream restructuring or partial oxidization of natural gas, where other hydrocarbons can be utilised as feedstocks ( for presentation biomass or coal can be gasified and utilised in a vapour restructuring method to gestate H ) . Commercial methane reformation can be about 68 per century efficient. Harmonizing to Stanford University survey of H the first present manner of acquiring H is vapour methane reformation and this will likely remain the most economical manner every bit long as methane ( natural gas ) is accessible cheaply and in big measures. When the cost of methane returns up to more than three times it will be cheaper to do H by dividing up H2O compounds – H2O into H – H2 and oxygen – O2. 2H2O + power  ® 2H2 + O2 this is carried out by electrolysis. Part 3 Ethanol, as in the intoxicant can be altered to be utilized as a fuel for burning engines, this is done by a procedure called agitation. Ethanol is a by-product of sugar and starches, nevertheless in recent research it has been confirmed that it can be produced form hempen substance that are contained in the majority of works affair ( the cellulose and hemicelluloses ) ( kemp 2006 ) . Ethanol is normally used as a blending agent with gasoline to hike the octane degrees ; this besides reduces the C monoxide and other toxic smog that ‘s causes emanations. Glucose is of course created in the works by a procedure called photosynthesis. light + 6CO2 + 12H20 — & A ; gt ; C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H20 C dioxide +water — & A ; gt ; glucose + O In the agitation procedure, glucose is decayed into both ethanol and C dioxide. C6H12O6 — & A ; gt ; 2C2 H5 0H +2CO2 + Heat During the burning procedure a reaction between ethyl alcohol and O occurs organizing C dioxide. C2 H5 0H+ 30 2 — & A ; gt ; 2CO2 + 3 H2 0 + heat The burning procedure is doubled due to two ethyl alcohol molecules are produced for each glucose molecule. By adding all three equations together, it is made evident of the equal Numberss at each type of molecule on either side of the equation. This the concludes the overall reaction of the production and ingestion of ethyl alcohol can be displayed as: Light — & A ; gt ; heat

Ancestry DNA Tests for Genealogists

Ancestry DNA Tests for Genealogists DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a macromolecule that contains a wealth of genetic information and can be used to better understand relationships between individuals. As DNA is passed down from one generation to  the next, some parts remain almost unchanged, while other parts change significantly. This creates an unbreakable link between generations and it can be of great help in reconstructing our family histories. In recent years, DNA has become a popular tool for determining ancestry and predicting health and genetic traits thanks to the increasing availability of DNA-based genetic testing. While it cant provide you with your entire family tree or tell you who your ancestors are, DNA testing can: Determine if two people are relatedDetermine if two people descend from the same ancestorFind out if you are related to others with the same surnameProve or disprove your family tree researchProvide clues about your ethnic origin DNA tests have been around for many years, but it is only recently that it has become affordable for a mass market. Ordering a home DNA test kit can cost less than $100 and  usually consist of a cheek swab or a spit collection tube that allows you to easily collect a sample of cells from the inside of your mouth. A month or two after mailing in your sample, youll receive the results- a series of numbers that represent key chemical markers within your DNA. These numbers can then be compared to results from other individuals to help you determine your ancestry. There are three  basic types of DNA tests available for genealogical testing, each serving a different purpose:   Autosomal DNA (atDNA) (All lines, available for both men and women) Available for both men and women, this test surveys 700,000 markers on all 23 chromosomes to look for connections along all of your family lines (maternal and paternal). The test results provide some information about your ethnic mix (the  percentage of your ancestry that comes from Central Europe, Africa, Asia, etc.), and helps to identify cousins (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) on any of your ancestral lines. Autosomal DNA only survives recombination (the passing down of DNA from your various ancestors) for an average of 5–7 generations, so this test is most useful for connecting with genetic cousins and connecting back to more recent generations of your family tree. mtDNA Tests (Direct maternal line, available for  both men and women) Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is contained in the cytoplasm of the cell, rather than the nucleus. This type of DNA is passed by a mother to both male and female offspring without any mixing, so your mtDNA is the same as your mothers mtDNA, which is the same as her mothers mtDNA. mtDNA changes very slowly, so if  Ã‚  two people have an exact match in their mtDNA, then there is a very good chance they share a common maternal ancestor, but it is hard to determine if this is a recent ancestor or one who lived hundreds of years ago. It is important to keep in mind with this test that a males mtDNA comes only from his mother and is not passed on to his offspring. Example: The DNA tests that identified the bodies of the Romanovs, the Russian imperial family, utilized mtDNA from a sample provided by Prince Philip, who shares the same maternal line from Queen Victoria. Y-DNA Tests (Direct paternal line, available for males only)   The Y chromosome in the nuclear DNA can also be used to establish family ties. The Y chromosomal DNA test (usually referred to as Y DNA or Y-Line DNA) is only available for males, since the Y chromosome is only passed down the male line from father to son. Tiny chemical markers on the Y chromosome create a distinctive pattern, known as a haplotype, that distinguishes one male lineage from another. Shared markers can indicate relatedness between two men, though not the exact degree of the relationship. Y chromosome testing is most often used by individuals with the same last name to learn if they share a common ancestor. Example: The DNA tests supporting the probability that Thomas Jefferson fathered the last child of Sally Hemmings were based on Y-chromosome DNA samples from male descendants of Thomas Jeffersons paternal uncle, since there were no surviving male descendants from Jeffersons marriage. Markers on both mtDNA and Y chromosome tests can also be used to determine an individuals haplogroup, a grouping of individuals with the same genetic characteristics. This test may provide you with interesting information about the deep ancestral lineage of your paternal and/or maternal lines. Since Y-chromosome DNA is found only within the all-male patrilineal line and mtDNA only provides matches to the all-female matrilineal line, DNA testing is only applicable to lines going back through two of our eight great-grandparents - our fathers paternal grandfather and our mothers maternal grandmother. If you want to use DNA to determine ancestry through any of your other six great-grandparents you will need to convince an aunt, uncle, or cousin who descends directly from that ancestor through an all-male or all-female line to provide a DNA sample. Additionally, since women dont carry the Y-chromosome, their paternal male line can only be traced through the DNA of a father or brother. What You Can and Cant Learn From DNA Testing DNA tests can be used by genealogists to: Link specific individuals (e.g. test to see whether you and a person you think may be a cousin descend from a common ancestor)Prove or disprove the ancestry of people sharing the same last name (e.g. test to see if males carrying the CRISP surname are related to each other)Map the genetic orgins of large population groups (e.g. test to see whether you have European or African American ancestry) If youre interested in using DNA testing to learn about your ancestry you should start by narrowing down a question you are trying to answer and then select the people to test based on the question. For example, you may wish to know if the Tennessee CRISP families are related to the North Carolina CRISP families. To answer this question with DNA testing, you would then need to select several male CRISP descendants from each of the lines and compare the results of their DNA tests. A match would prove that the two lines descend from a common ancestor, though would not be able to determine which ancestor. The common ancestor could be their father, or it could be a male from over a thousand years ago. This common ancestor can be further narrowed down by testing additional people and/or additional markers. An individuals DNA test provides little information on its own. It is not possible to take these numbers, plug them into a formula, and find out who your ancestors are. The marker numbers provided in your DNA test results only begin to take on genealogical significance when you compare your results with other people and population studies. If you dont have a group of potential relatives interested in pursuing DNA testing with you, your only real option is to input your DNA test results into the many DNA databases starting to spring up online, in the hopes of finding a match with someone who has already been tested. Many DNA testing companies will also let you know if your DNA markers are a match with other results in their database, provided that both you and the other individual have given written permission to release these results. Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) When you submit a DNA sample for testing an exact match in the results between you and another individual indicates that you share a common ancestor somewhere back in your family tree. This ancestor is referred to as your Most Recent Common Ancestor or MRCA. The results on their own will not be able to indicate who this specific ancestor is, but may be able to help you narrow it down to within a few generations. Understanding the Results of Your Y-Chromosome DNA Test (Y-Line) Your DNA sample will be tested at a number of different data points called loci or markers and analyzed for the number of repeats at each of those locations. These repeats are known as STRs (Short Tandem Repeats). These special markers are given names like DYS391 or DYS455. Each of the numbers that you get back in your Y-chromosome test result refer  to the number of times a pattern is repeated at one of those markers. The number of repeats is referred to by geneticists as the alleles of a marker. Adding additional markers increases the precision of DNA test results, providing a greater degree of probability that a MRCA (most recent common ancestor) can be identified within a lower number of generations. For example, if two individuals match exactly at all loci in a 12 marker test, there is a 50% probability of a MRCA within the last 14 generations. If they exactly match at all loci in a 21 marker test, there is a 50% probability of a MRCA within the last 8 generations. There is a fairly dramatic improvement in going from 12 to 21 or 25 markers but, after that point, the precision starts to level off making the expense of testing additional markers less useful. Some companies offer more precise tests such as 37 markers or even 67 markers. Understanding the Results of Your Mitochondrial DNA Test (mtDNA) Your mtDNA will be tested on a sequence of two separate regions on your mtDNA inherited from your mother. The first region is called Hyper-Variable Region 1 (HVR-1 or HVS-I) and sequences 470 nucleotides (positions 16100 through 16569). The second region is called Hyper-Variable Region 2 (HVR-2 or HVS-II) and sequences 290 nucleotides (positions 1 though 290). This DNA sequence is then compared to a reference sequence, the Cambridge Reference Sequence, and any differences are reported. The two most interesting uses of mtDNA sequences are comparing your results with others and determining your haplogroup. An exact match between two individuals indicates that they share a common ancestor, but because mtDNA mutates extremely slowly this common ancestor could have lived thousands of years ago. Matches which are similar are further classified into broad groups, known as haplogroups. A mtDNA test will provide you with information about your specific haplogroup which may provide information on distant family origins and ethnic backgrounds. Organizing a DNA Surname Study Organizing and managing a DNA surname study is very much a matter of personal preference. There are, however, several basic goals which need to be met: Create a Working Hypothesis:  A DNA Surname Study is not likely to provide any meaningful results unless you first determine what you are trying to accomplish for your family surname. Your goal can be very broad (how are all the CRISP families in the world related) or very specific (do the CRISP families of eastern NC all descend from William CRISP).Choose a Testing Center:  Once youve determined your goal you should have a better idea of what type of DNA testing services you will require. Several DNA Laboratories, such as Family Tree DNA or Relative Genetics, will also assist you with setting up and organizing your surname study.Recruit Participants:  You can reduce the cost per test by assembling a large group to participate at one time. If you are already working together with a group of people on a particular surname then you may find it relatively easy to recruit participants from the group for a DNA surname study. If you have not been in touch with other researchers of yo ur surname, however, you will need to track down several established lineages for your surname and obtain participants from each of these lines. You may wish to turn to surname mailing lists and family organizations to promote your DNA surname study. Creating a website with information about your DNA surname study is also an excellent method for attracting participants. Manage the Project:  Managing a DNA surname study is a big job. The key to success is in organizing the project in an efficient manner and keeping participants informed of progress and results. Creating and maintaining a Web site or mailing list specifically for project participants can be of great assistance. As mentioned above, some DNA testing labs will also provide assistance with organizing and managing your DNA surname project. It should go without saying, but it is also important to honor any privacy restrictions made by your participants. The best way to figure out what works is to look at examples of other DNA Surname Studies. Here are several to get you started: Pomeroy DNA ProjectWells Family DNA ProjectWalker Surname DNA Project It is vitally important to keep in mind that DNA testing for the purposes of proving ancestry is not a substitute for traditional family history research. Instead, it is an exciting tool to be used in conjunction with family history research to aid in proving or disproving suspected family relationships.

13 Cool and Creative Ways to Say I Love You

13 Cool and Creative Ways to Say I Love You That awkward moment when you feel you love someone but do not know how to express it. Sounds familiar? It all gets even worse as the Valentine’s Day comes and it is expected to be a time to declare love. Obviously, you want to make the moment special. You want to put real meaning into the usual phrase I love you. Or you want to follow the principle an action is worth one thousand words. Anyway, here are some of the most unique ways to show your special someone how important they are to you. And not only on the Valentine’s Day. 1. Love Soundwave No, we’re not talking about sending a singing telegram. Instead, consider getting a ring, medallion, or painting of the soundwave of a special phrase. Some companies can take your loved one’s name (or even a romantic inside â€Å"code word†) and turn it into a beautiful emblem of your devotion. 2. iPhone Style Love Message In our iPhone age it’s likely that your loved one spends more time on their phone than flipping through photo albums. So, why not give him or her a constant reminder of you, every time they go to check their Facebook? There are many companies like Casetify or Spreadshirt that allow you to turn your Instagram photos into a memento case for iPhone, so your loved one always has an in-hand reminder of how much you care. 3. Magic Beans If you have a partner that doesn’t mind the anticipation of waiting for your Valentine’s message, look no further than the Talking Beans. After just a few days of tender care, this real bean plant shoots from its gift-wrapped packaging with a personal message carved into the bean itself. It’s not only cute, but it’s way healthier than candy! 4. A Toast to Remember Breakfast has never been the most romantic meal of a day. Time to break stereotypes. The inexpensive silicone toast-topper allows you to print your love message directly onto the breakfast treat. Nothing can beat this for a start to the perfect day. 5. The Art of Love Why not turn love massage into piece of love? It may seem a little cheesy but it was long ago when the poems were written and portraits were painted in the name of love. Be original and revive the tradition. You may use more modern art forms. There are ready made Love Is Art kits with white canvas, red and black paint, and body scrubber. Old fashioned pencil and paper will also do as long as you use those to express your feelings. 6. Love Puzzle Who can pass up an opportunity to attempt to complete a puzzle? Now, you can show your love how much you care by giving them the gift of puzzlement in addition to the sweet love message. The options are numerous – create a puzzle out of your favourite photo or buy a ready made puzzle, like a Sweet Talk Valentine’s Rubik’s Cube. 7. Digital Style If you want to make a big impact on a small budget, this is one of the best experiences you can give your partner. All you need is to but helium-filled balloons and pack them into your paramour’s apartment. Then, turn your messages of love into unique QR codes and tape them to each dangling string. It’s a fun way to share the personal memos you’ve been longing to tell them. 8. Binary Language of Love Why settle for telling him or her how you feel in English? Take a step into the future by sharing your feelings in binary code. Although you can buy a necklace or ring with â€Å"I Love You† written in the language of computers, you can also save some money and create something all your own. QBit can help you translate your message so that you can turn it into art, food, or a tattoo to impress your loved one. 9. For Those Who Are Daring Enough Show that your love is eternal and you are not afraid to capture it foreveron your skin. Design a tattoo for you and your loved one and suggest to go to the tattoo salon together. If your darling is not much into tattoos, you can do it on your own. Just make sure you spell her(his) name right or better choose some original symbol of your relationships. 10. Level Up Your Love If you have a gamer sweetheart, they will go Donkey Kong all over you when they realize what this gift can do. The 8-Bit Dynamic Light Shirt is meant to be purchased in pairs, with each shirt showing six hearts at half-life. When the shirts get into proximity of each other, full health is restored. How’s that for a game-changing Valentine’s gift? 11. The Way to His Heart†¦ It just wouldn’t be a declaration of love without a bouquet. But, this year, spice it up by creating a Bacon Bouquet. All you need is a handful of plastic flower stems, a vase (or beer stein), and a package of bacon. Wrap each piece like a flower bud and fry for 8-10 minutes. This is a creative alternative to boring old roses, and far more delicious! 12. Go Old Fashioned There was an old good tradition to make mixed tapes for the dates. Romantic as hell. If you are into vintage and youll find the way to make a mixed tape or a vinyl with good music – be sure to do it. It will be appreciated for sure. However, there is an easier and more modern way to do it – CDs, mp3 players or any other ways to create a play list you may think of. 13. Just Say It Nothing is more romantic an sincere and nothing is able to express your feelings better than saying the words I love you. Make sure the moment is special. Probably itll be a bad idea to say it in the overcrowded public transport, though its your decision when the moment is write. Remember – your intonation and eye contact are important. If you get nervous about the idea – try practising it in front of the mirror. But no matter how you say it and where you say it – if you are with the right person youll never regret saying it out loud. We are waiting for your feedback! Which idea did you like the best? What is your own way to creatively express your feelings?

Yes or no, Medieval Gothic churches were a complete break with Greek Essay

Yes or no, Medieval Gothic churches were a complete break with Greek and Roman design What fundamental ideas in Christianity affected how these buildings were designed - Essay Example Settlers later constructed larger houses with multiple rooms separated by columns. The architectural characteristics that are most directly related with the Greeks, columns and stairs, began developing in this era (Scott 19). Three orders developed distinctive patterns for the columns on their temples, with the Corinthian column style having the most elaborate and decorative columns, hence the rarest. The Doric style used by the Spartans was the simplest. Ionic columns were slender compared to the Doric and twice the height. The Romans, like the Greeks, used Doric, Corinthian and Ionic column styles. However, the Romans discovered the structural and artistic worth of arches and domes. They used arches because they could sustain enormous weights, enabling them to construct larger and more decorative structures (Bony 33). The Gothic cathedrals were representations of the universe in miniature scale. Each architectural concept, including the loftiness and enormous dimensions of the structure, were meant to put across theological significance; the great glory of God just as he was viewed by the Christians. The geometrical and mathematical natures of the buildings were influenced by the Christians’ view of an orderly universe, in which can be perceived an underlying logic and rationality (Scott 39). The murals, statues, stained glass and sculptural decoration integrate the spirit of creation in portrayals of the Zodiac, Labors of the Months, Lives of the Saints and referring to eternity in the Last Judgment and Coronation of the Virgin (Bony 12). Many churches had rich, decorative patterns usually depicting biblical stories, emphasizing visual links between Old Testament prophecies and the New Testament. The front elevation of a large church or cathedral, frequently referred to as the West Front, is designed to impact upon an approaching worshipper a powerful impression of the might of

Is racism ancient history in our days Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is racism ancient history in our days - Essay Example Thesis At the beginning of the 21st century, racism is a major social problem affected modern American society which takes its roots in ancient history of the nation. The American nation is especially heterogeneous in terms of religion, nationality, ethnicity, class language, and, of course, race. But prevailing American values emphasize the values of equality of opportunity, fair play, and individualism. While there is some evidence to justify current attitudes, in fact there is better evidence to suggest that race relations in America are still a major source of stress and social tension (Wachtel 23). Another black perspective argues that race in America has become less salient than class. This assessment, if true, would suggest that black-white relations are much better than they have ever been before in America. Race is another factor which influences the distribution of economic and social resources in America. It is important to note that recent years the understanding of race has been changed, because as a collective sentiment, race needs to be upheld and reaffirmed. Modern theories of race suggest that concept of race is more a cultural p henomenon than a economic one. Community of culture and unity of meaning are the main sources that allow the construction and experience of race (Wachtel 78) In modern society, racism complements, but it does not replace, individual prejudice and discrimination. J. Strausbaugh in Black like You: Black Face, White Face indicates that institutional racism is much more widespread than individual racism. Yet, most educational programs against racism are aimed almost exclusively against individual racism. Following Strausbaugh "disrespectful stereotypes are acceptable from people who looks like you, but it is racism when a member of another race finds humor in it" (12). In modern society, racism can exist to some degree regardless of what else is going on in society. Institutional racism, however, cannot thrive without constant replenishment of new personnel who are able to accept the human cost of racist policies without challenging their legitimacy. People who are victimized by racism may combat it most readily by organizing and changing public policies. Altering public policies solely by changing personal opinions of racists is a hopeless, endless endeavor. To a significant extent, racism bears a relationship to sexism, antisemitism, and extreme nationalism. The essence of modern racism is violations of equal human worth which are involved in racism as well as in sexism, anti-semitism, and extreme nationalism. Today, racial prejudices and ideologies rationalize widespread white discrimination against people of color (Strausbaugh 82). This view of a white-dominated America is not popular among most white analysts and commentators in the twenty-first century. More popular is the belief that African Americans and other people of color have made great progress, so much so that white racism is no longer a major barrier in most of their lives. Indeed, few whites are aware of how important racism is to their own feelings, beliefs, thinking, and actions (Thernstrom 20). The extensive use of litigation and legislation in American racial affairs determines the salience of the law. Leading personalities, landmark court rulings and laws, the heritage of legalized segregation and discrimination, bias in the administration of justice and contemporary

Microscopes and telescopes. Our center of reality etc Essay

Microscopes and telescopes. Our center of reality etc - Essay Example Astronomers believe the reverse process will see the end of the world come to pass in the foreseeable future. With the present powerful microscopes and telescopes, space specialists have observed approaching stars that are believed to be the cause of the expected collapse of the universe (Burns, 162). The universe will undergo an ouroboros-like cycle since all scientific evidence hint an inevitable end by a â€Å"black hole† activity, which human beings cannot avert. In order to understand the concept of the black hole well, it is wise to have a detailed comprehension of evolution of the cosmos. This evolution is described satisfactorily by three theories explaining the origin of the universe; the Steady State Theory, the Big Bang Theory and the Pulsating Theory. Gammow and Le Maitre’s Big Bang Theory claims that the matter of the entire universe was once contained in a very hot and dense fireball. About 20 billion years back, a big bang occurred which marked the creati on of the universe. The matter from the 10^12 Kelvin hot fireball was accelerated in all directions, recollected and formed the stars and planets. Several galaxies that have been observed came from this process (Raine & Thomas, 92). The Steady State Theory developed by Fred Hoyle, Gold and Bondi claims new galaxies are created all the time in the outer space to take place of galaxies that cross their boundaries into the universe observable by the powerful telescopes of earth astronomers. As a result, the steady state of the universe is never disturbed. According to Pulsating theory, the universe contracts and expands alternately. As per the theory, the universe is currently undergoing an expansion. It postulates that the expansion will end and reverse processes of contraction begin. A disturbing contradiction to the common knowledge researchers have had about the universe has cropped up. The conventional ideas of evolution of the cosmos of interchanging expansion and contraction are challenged by current surveys by Type IA supernovas (Taylor, 74). Results of the survey have evidence that the cosmos will expand forever, without chances of contraction. What aggravates matters of eternal expansion is that the universe is expanding at an accelerated pace. The accelerated expansion is caused by an array of â€Å"antigravity† forces. The survey found out that about three-quarters of energy from the Big Bang Theory resides in the space, and not in form of matter. Having excess energy in the vacuum causes external pressures that accelerate expansion of the cosmos. Therefore, 70% of the universe energy is in the form of vacuum in the space, 25% is stored in black matter and the other 5% in the form of actual matter including galaxies, stars, protons and planets (Rau, 43). With this trend of evolution of the cosmos, the chief worry for astronomers is; what if the vacuum dumps all the energy it stores? Will there be another â€Å"Big Bang Theory† situation? Is the vacuum energy constant or is it changing with time? As these worries remain unsolved, the Black Hole reality hits cosmos existence. NASA telescopes have observed stars that are 10 times bigger than the sun in the outer galaxy approach the universe human beings occupy. It is speculated that the star of extremely large mass will collapse into a small ball. A â€Å"singularity†

Anatomy and Pathophysiology of Gout and Lupus

Anatomy and Pathophysiology of Gout and Lupus Introduction Gout is an acute inflammatory arthritis with the potency to fully destroy the integrity of the joint leading to severe disability. It is termed as a true crystal deposition disease caused by formation of monosodium urate crystals in joints and other tissues. It is the common cause of inflammatory arthritis that has increased in prevalence in recent decades (Roddy and Doherty 2010). Gout normally results from the interaction of genetic, constitutional and environmental risk factors. It is more common in men and strongly age related. Both acute arthritis and chronic arthropathy (tophaceous gout) are considered under the rubric of gout (Mikuls and Saag 2006; Roddy et al. 2007). In a broader term, it can be defined as combination of events involving an increase in the serum urate concentration, acute arthritic attacks with monosodium urate monohydrate crystals demonstrable in synovial fluid leukocytes, and tophi which usually occurs in and around joints of the extremities. These physio-c hemical changes either occur separately or in combination (Terkeltaub 2003; Shai et al. 2010). Gouty arthritis accounts for millions of outpatient visits annually and the prevalence is rising. It affects 1-2% of adults in developed countries, where it is the most common inflammatory arthritis in men. Epidemiological data are consistent with a rise in prevalence of gout. Rates of gout have approximately doubled between 1990 and 2010. A number of factors have been found to influence rates of gout, including age, race, and the season of the year. In men over the age of 30 and women over the age of 50, prevalence is 2% (Eggebeen 2007). Anatomy and Pathophysiology Gouty arthritis is one of the most painful rheumatic diseases and its incidence increases promptly with advancing age. In 75% of the patients, gouty arthritis initially strikes a single joint which is most commonly the big toe. In women gout develop in increasing numbers after menopause eventually at an incidence rate equal to that of men (Hootman and Helmick 2006). In elderly patients, an occurrence of gout is usually less spectacular than in middle age and often implies an upper extremity poly or mono articular presentation rather than the classic mono articular lower extremity picture commonly displayed by middle-aged men. In older patients, gout can be more likely the clinical picture of osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis (Cassetta and Gorevic 2004). Gouty arthritis can be classified into four stages depending upon level of severity namely; (i) Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia: In this stage, a person has elevated blood uric acid levels but no other symptoms and therefore requires no treatment. (ii) Acute Gouty Arthritis: In this stage, hyperuricemia leads to deposition of uric acid crystals in joint spaces, leading to gouty attacks (iii) Interval / Intercritical: This is the stage between acute gouty attacks with no symptoms and (iv) Chronic Tophaceous Gout: where the disease leads to permanent damage (Bhansing et al. 2010). Pathogenesis of gouty arthritis is critically influenced by sodium urate crystals and inflammatory processes they induce (Wise and Agudelo 1996). An inefficient renal urate excretion which leads to the elevated levels of uric acid above the saturation point for urate crystal formation is a major determinant of the disease. Purine catabolism leads to the formation of metabolic by-product, uric acid. In most mammals like higher primates, many birds and some reptiles, the urate oxidase (uricase) enzyme converts uric acid (relatively insoluble) to allantoin (highly soluble), leading to very low serum uric acid levels. A series of parallel mutations in the genes of uricase in the Miocene period results in the production of the dysfunctional form of uricase that leads to accumulation of relatively higher level of insoluble uric acid and subsequently the development of gouty arthritis (Liote and Ea 2006; Eggebeen 2007). Degradation of purines results in the endogenous production of uric aci d that usually contributes about two-thirds of the body urate pool, the remainder being originated by dietry intake. Of the uric acid formed daily, about 70% is excreted through the kidney while the rest is eliminated into the biliary tract and then converted to allantoin by colonic bacterial uricase. Therefore, in the vast majority gouty patients, hyperuricaemia occurs from reduced efficiency of renal urate clearance (Laubscher et al. 2009; Terkeltaub 2010). Development of the acute and chronic inflammatory gout is facilitated with the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in joints. while MSU crystals were first identified as the aetiological agent of gout in the eighteenth century and more recently as a danger signal released from dying cells, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying MSU-induced inflammation (Martinon et al. 2006). For crystal formation n occurrence of gout, the ionic product of sodium and uric acid must be at or above the saturation level at which MSU crystals can form. Uric acid is a weak acid of pKa 5.75 and, it exists mainly in the ionized form as urate at physiological pH of 7.40. MSU has limited solubility under physiological conditions and the saturation level in plasma at a pH of 7.40 is 6.8 mg/dl (408 ÂÂ µmol/l) and when the plasma concentration exceeds this level, crystals may form in the joints and tissues (Terkeltaub 2010). MSU crystals preferentially form within cartilage and fibrous tissues, where they are relatively safer from contact with inflammatory mediators and may dwell for years without causing any defects. However, if shed from these sites of origin into the joint space or bursa, they are highly phlogistic particles that are immediately phagocytosed by monocytes and macrophages, stimulating the NALP3 inflammasome, triggering the release of IL-1 and other cytokines and a subsequent infiltration of neutrophils. Here the white cells release a package of inflammatory mediator substances which, in addition to destroying the crystals, also damage the surrounding tissues (Martinon et al. 2006). This acute inflammation defines the symptoms of an acute flare such as pain, swelling and redness and is typically self-limiting. Continual deposition of large numbers of MSU crystals may also heading out the joint damage through mechanical effects on cartilage and bone (pressure erosion), and probably low-gr ade inflammation. However, these more chronic crystal-tissue interactions still remain elusive and in need of further investigations (VanItallie 2010). Systematic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Introduction Lupus is an autoimmune disease which leads to both acute and chronic inflammation of various tissues of the human body. Lupus can be classified into different form depending upon the target tissues and organ system. Defined as Type III hypersensitivity reaction, people with lupus produce abnormal antibodies in their blood that target tissues within their own body rather than foreign infectious agents. Because the antibodies and accompanying cells of inflammation can affect tissues anywhere in the body, lupus has the potential to affect a variety of areas such as heart, joints, skin, lungs, blood vessels, liver, kidneys, and nervous system. When internal organs are involved, the condition is referred to as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The disease may be mild or severe and life-threatening (Wallace 2010). The prevalence of lupus ranges from approximately 40 cases per 100,000 persons among Northern Europeans to more than 200 per 100,000 persons among blacks (Johnson et al. 1995). In the United States, the number of patients with lupus exceeds 250,000. The life expectancy of such patients has improved from an approximate 4-year survival rate of 50% in the 1950s to a 15-year survival rate of 80% today (Merrell and Shulman 1955; Abu-Shakra et al. 1995). Even so, a patient in whom lupus is diagnosed at 20 years of age still has a 1 in 6 chance of dying by 35 years of age, most often from lupus or infection. Later, myocardial infarction and stroke become important causes of death (Cervera et al. 2003). Anatomy and Pathophysiology SLE is an inflammatory and multi-systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by an uncontrolled auto-reactivity of B and T lymphocytes. This results in the production of auto antibodies (auto-Abs) against self-directed antigens and causes tissue destruction (Cuchacovich and Gedalia 2009). Pathogenesis of SLE is a multi-factorial event and the exact mechanism of disease development and progression is still unclear. Multiple factors are known to be associated with the development of the disease such as genetic, racial, hormonal, and environmental factors. Defects in apoptosis are one of the proposed mechanisms involved in patho-physiological events of SLE. Imbalance in apoptotic machinery leads to the production of auto-antibodies. These antibodies lack the ability to differentiate between pathogenic and normal host cells and cause increase cell death and abnormalities in immune tolerance (Andrade et al. 2000; Rahman and Isenberg 2008). It is believed that all the major components of immune system are involved in SLE progression at various levels. Mostly proteins present in cell nucleus are targeted by the immune system. The likely environmental triggers for SLE include ultraviolet light, drugs, and viruses. These stimuli cause the destruction of cells and expose their DNA, histones, and other proteins, particularly parts of the cell nucleus. It is observed that in patients suffering from SLE, there is increased cell death in monocytes and keratinocytes and hyper expression of Fas protein by B and T cells of the immune system. Tingibl e body macrophages (TBMs) are large phagocytic cells present in the germinal centers of secondary lymph nodes. They express CD68 protein. These cells normally engulf B cells which have undergone apoptosis after somatic hypermutation. In some patients with SLE, significantly fewer TBMs can be found, and these cells rarely contain material from apoptotic B cells. Also, uningested apoptotic nuclei can be found outside of TBMs. This material may present a threat to the tolerization of B cells and T cells (Gaipl et al. 2006). Monocytes isolated from whole blood of SLE sufferers show reduced expression of CD44 surface molecules involved in the uptake of apoptotic cells. Most of the monocytes and tingible body macrophages (TBM), which are found in the germinal centres of lymph nodes, even show a definitely different morphology; they are smaller or scarce and die earlier. 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